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Juan Diego
St. Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin〔This is the official name of the Saint. See (Biographical Note ) ''Vatican Information Service'', July 31, 2002. The indigenous name Cuauhtlatoatzin means "the eagle that talks", or "the talking eagle": see John Paul II, (homily ) at the canonization Mass, 31 July 2002.〕 (1474–1548), a native of Mexico, is the first Roman Catholic indigenous saint from the Americas.〔Rose of Lima (1586-1617) was the first American saint (beatified 1667, canonized 1671); Martin de Porres (1579-1639) was the first mestizo American saint (beatified 1837, canonized 1962); and Kateri Tekakwitha (1656-1680), a Mohawk-Algonquin woman who lived in New York State was the first indigenous American to be beatified (in 1980; she was canonized in 2012).〕 He is said to have been granted an apparition of the Virgin Mary on four separate occasions in December 1531 at the hill of Tepeyac, then outside but now well within metropolitan Mexico City. The Basilica of Guadalupe located at the foot of the hill of Tepeyac claims to possess Juan Diego's mantle or cloak (known as a tilma) on which an image of the Virgin is said to have been impressed by a miracle as a pledge of the authenticity of the apparitions. These apparitions and the imparting of the miraculous image (together known as the Guadalupe event, in Spanish "el acontecimiento Guadalupano") are the basis of the cult of Our Lady of Guadalupe which is ubiquitous in Mexico, prevalent throughout the Spanish-speaking Americas, and increasingly widespread beyond.〔See, ''e.g''., remarks of Pope John Paul II in his 1997 Apostolic Exhortation, (''Ecclesia in America'' ) para. 11, regarding the veneration of Our Lady of Guadalupe as "Queen of all America", "Patroness of all America", and "Mother and Evangeliser of America"; ''cf''. Sousa ''et al''., p. 1. In May 2010, the church of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Makati, Manila, Philippines, was declared a national shrine by the bishops' conference of that country: (Archdiocesan Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe declared National Shrine ), website of Archdiocese of Manila.〕 As a result, the Basilica of Guadalupe is now the world's major centre of pilgrimage for Roman Catholics, receiving 22 million visitors in 2010, the vast bulk of whom were pilgrims.〔(Guadalupe Shrine Hosts 6M for Feastday Weekend ), ''Zenit news agency'', December 13, 2010. For comparison, in 2000, the year of the Great Jubilee, 25 million pilgrims were reported by the Rome Jubilee Agency, (Pilgrims to Rome Break Records in Year 2000 ), ''Zenit'' news agency, January 1, 2001, but in 2006 the city of Rome computed altogether 18 million visitors, many of whom were there for purely cultural reasons (Vatican puts a squeeze on visitors ), ''The Times'' online, January 6, 2007. Eight million were expected at Lourdes in 2008 (the 150th anniversary of the apparitions): (Benedict XVI to Join Celebrations at Lourdes ), ''Zenit'' news agency, November 13, 2007.〕 Juan Diego was beatified in 1990, and canonized in 2002.
==Biography==
According to the sources identified below, Juan Diego was an Indian born in 1474 in Cuauhtitlan,〔Sources (2) and (5) give his age as 74 at the date of his death in 1548; his place of birth is reported by (3) and (5) and by Pacheco among the witnesses at (4)〕 and at the time of the apparitions he lived there or in Tolpetlac.〔Source (2) says he was living in Cuauhtitlán at the time of the apparitions; (3) and (5) report Tulpetlac.〕 Although not destitute, he was neither rich nor influential.〔Source (2) in the ''Nican Mopohua'' calls him "maçehualtzintli", or "poor ordinary person", but in the ''Nican Mopectana'' it is reported that he had a house and land which he later abandoned to his uncle so that he could take up residence at Tepeyac; (3) says "un indio plebeyo y pobre, humilde y candído" (a poor Indian commoner, humble and unaffected); (5) says he came of the lowest rank of Indians, of the servant class; but one of the witnesses in (4) - Juana de la Concepción - says his father was cacique (or headman) of Cuauhtitlán. Guerrero Rosado developed a theory that he was of noble birth and reduced circumstances (the ''poor prince'' theory); see Brading, pp.356f.〕 His religious fervor, his artlessness, his respectful but gracious demeanour towards the Virgin Mary and the initially skeptical Bishop Juan de Zumárraga, as well as his devotion to his sick uncle and, subsequently, to the Virgin at her shrine – all of which are central to the tradition – are among his defining characteristics and testify to the sanctity of life which is the indispensable criterion for canonization.〔All the sources dwell in more or less detail on his humility, sanctity, self-mortification and religious devotion during his life after the apparitions.〕 He and his wife, María Lucía, were among the first to be baptized after the arrival of the main group of twelve Franciscan missionaries in Mexico in 1524.〔"recently converted" - (1) and (3); baptized in "1524 or shortly thereafter" - (5).〕 His wife died two years before the apparitions, although one source (Luis Becerra Tanco, possibly through inadvertence) claims she died two years after them.〔Sources (2), (4), and (5) agree she died two years before the apparitions, and all those who mention a wife (bar one of the three Indians who gave testimony in 1666 and who mentioned a wife) name her.〕 There is no firm tradition as to their marital relations. It is variously reported (a) that after their baptism he and his wife were inspired by a sermon on chastity to live celibately; alternatively (b) that they lived celibately throughout their marriage; and in the further alternative (c) that both of them lived and died as virgins.〔See, ''e.g''., Sousa ''et al''. pp. 113/115 where (b) and (c) are presented together and not in the alternative.〕 Alternatives (a) and (b) may not necessarily conflict with other reports that Juan Diego (possibly by another wife) had a son.〔Discussed at length by Francisco de Florencia, cap.18, n° 223, fol. 111r.〕 Intrinsic to the narrative is Juan Diego's uncle, Juan Bernardino; but beyond him, María Lucía, and Juan Diego's putative son, no other family members are mentioned in the tradition. At least two 18th-century nuns claimed to be descended from Juan Diego.〔Unpublished records of Convent of Corpus Christi in Mexico City: see Fidel González Fernández, appendix 4.〕 After the apparitions, Juan Diego was permitted to live next to the hermitage erected at the foot of the hill of Tepeyac,〔Part of the ''capilla de los Indios'' in the Guadalupe precinct stands on what are said to be the foundations of this hermitage: see (Parroquia de Indios ), official website of the Basilica of Guadalupe, accessed February 11, 2011.〕 and he dedicated the rest of his life to serving the Virgin Mary at the shrine erected in accordance with her wishes.〔'See the reference to "sanctity of life", in the text above.〕 The date of death (in his 74th year) is given as 1548.〔''e.g''. Codex Escalada, and see note under the reference to his date of birth in the text.〕
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